Skip to main content

New Hope For Restoring Injured Nerves『重建损伤神经的新希望』

pubmed's picture

All three photos show severed nerves from nematode worms. Axons -- the wiry part of nerve cells -- had stretched from top to bottom but were cut by a laser beam. In each case, the "stump" of the severed nerve hangs downward from the top. In the left image, the nerve regeneration gene dlk-1 operates normally -- which means not very well -- so the upward-growing axon branches too much and lacks what is known as a "growth cone," so it never reaches the major nerve that runs horizontally near the top of each image. In the center photo, the regeneration gene has been over-activated, so it grows upward with a normal growth cone and not too many branches, allowing it to eventually reach the major nerve. The right image shows the severed nerve in a worm in which the regeneration gene was crippled, so there is no regeneration of the nerve axon, just stumps at top and bottom. (Credit: Michael Bastiani, University of Utah)


ScienceDaily (Jan. 26, 2009) — University of Utah scientists identified a worm gene that is essential for damaged nerve cells to regenerate, and showed they could speed nerve regeneration by over-activating the gene – a step toward new treatments for nerves injured by trauma or disease.

Oddly, the gene and a related "pathway" – a chain of molecular events – is not required for normal nerve development in embryos, the researchers report in the Jan. 22 issue of Science Express, the online edition of the journal Science.

"We discovered a molecular target for a future drug that could vastly improve the ability of a neuron to regenerate after injury," either from trauma or disease, says biology Professor Michael Bastiani, leader of the research team and a member of the Brain Institute at the University of Utah.

Study coauthor and biology Professor Erik Jorgensen – the Brain Institute's scientific director – says: "In the future, we would like to develop drugs that could activate this chain of molecular events in nerve cells and stimulate regeneration of diseased and injured nerve cells. At this point, we can't do that. But this study gives us hope that in the future, we will have a rational approach for stimulating regeneration."

"Eventually, this may be a way to treat spinal cord injuries," adds study coauthor Paola Nix, a biology research associate.

Bastiani says an ability to stimulate nerve regeneration one day also may help treat multiple sclerosis, in which nerves are damaged by loss of their myelin coating.

He says the study used nematode worms, which "have the same molecules performing similar functions in humans. We found a pathway that not only regenerates nerves in the worm but also exists in humans, and we think it serves the same purpose."

Nix adds: "The next thing to do would be to test this gene in [other] animals and eventually humans to see if it plays the same role."

The core of the molecular chain of events involves four genes. The most important is dlk-1¸ which is known as a "MAP kinase kinase kinase" or MAPKKK. When the Utah scientists "overexpressed" the dlk-1 gene in worms – making it more active than normal – broken nerves in the worms regenerated much more quickly than expected. When dlk-1 was blocked, regeneration did not occur.

The study's other authors were Marc Hammarlund, a former University of Utah postdoctoral researcher now at Yale University, and lab technician Linda Hauth.

The research was funded initially by the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation, and the scientists dedicated it to Neilsen, a Utah native and chairman of Ameristar Casinos. Neilsen was paralyzed by a spinal cord injury during a 1985 car wreck. He funded the project in hope of finding a cure. He died in 2006, while the study was underway.

Searching for Nerve Regeneration Genes

Nerve cells have the ability to regenerate in the embryo, but lose the ability as an organism ages. Most adult nerve cells "regenerate poorly or not al all," the researchers write, although peripheral nerve cells – like those in the arms and legs – regenerate better than central nervous system neurons in the brain and spinal cord. No one knows why.

The new study focused on regeneration of motor neuron axons – the wiry part of every nerve cell that transmits signals to other nerve cells or to cells such as muscle.

The research team developed a "genetic screen" to look for genes involved in nerve regeneration. They mutated a worm gene that produces a protein named beta spectrin, which helps keep nerve cells flexible. Mutant worms lacked beta spectrin, so their nerves broke as they crawled around a culture dish.

Te scientists used a method named RNA interference to suppress the functioning of 5,000 of the 20,000 worm genes – one at a time. People also have those 5,000 genes.

Each gene was "knocked down one by one, and we looked for the loss of the ability to regenerate," Nix says.

The researchers were able to watch nerves regenerate – or not – because they had placed a jellyfish gene in the worms, which made the worms' nerve cells glow fluorescent green – easy to see when observed under a microscope.

They found the dlk-1 gene was crucial for regeneration because every time the scientists blocked it, nerve regeneration was halted.

More than One Way to Regenerate a Neuron

After identifying dlk-1, the biologists determined the effects of other genes on regeneration, allowing them to "map" genes and proteins involved in the regeneration pathway. The "core" of this pathway – including dlk-1 and three other genes – "activates this entire program of regeneration," Bastiani says.

"One of the coolest things is we can improve regeneration," Nix says. "We originally looked at loss of this gene, dlk-1. The loss blocks regeneration. We can cut the nerve in these mutants and they don't regenerate. So we see worms with nerve stumps that don't do anything. But when we overproduce dlk-1 – make an excess amount of it – then we see an improvement in regeneration."

Jorgensen – an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute – says that "normally, young worms regenerate really well; old worms don't regenerate at all. What we can do by overexpressing dlk-1 is make old worms regenerate like young worms."

The chain of events the researchers identified as playing an essential role in nerve regeneration is known as a "MAP kinase pathway." Various MAP kinases play roles in cell division, response to stress, and cell specialization, Jorgensen says.

The pathway discovered in the new study "is unique in that it is not used by the nervous system during normal embryo development, yet it is absolutely required for regeneration," Bastiani says. "Most of us believed that virtually everything we found in regeneration also would be involved in development. So it is surprising."

He says while the dlk-1 gene is the most obvious target for new drugs to stimulate nerve regeneration, other genes in the pathway also could be potential targets.

Caution Urged as Hopes Have Been Dashed Before

Bastiani and Jorgensen say the new findings are particularly promising because another approach to spurring regeneration has failed to yield fruit.

About two decades ago, other researchers discovered that molecules in glial cells – which physically support nerve cells in the brain – inhibit regeneration of nerve cells in adult organisms.

Scientists "have hoped for many years that by being able to eliminate these molecules that inhibit regrowth, that we would be able to stimulate nerve regeneration," Jorgensen says. Mice treated with that approach so far have showed only mild improvement in nerve regeneration, says Bastiani.

Yet, the study found possible impediments to the new approach. To trigger regeneration, the DLK-1 protein (produced under orders from the dlk-1 gene) "has to act around the time of injury," Bastiani says. "This might be a real problem because, as a drug target, there might be a time window in which you have to activate this pathway to stimulate regeneration after a spinal cord injury."

If worms and other animals have genes like dlk-1 that can enhance nerve regeneration, why are those genes normally inactive or only somewhat active?

"You might argue there is a tradeoff between regeneration ability and maintenance and stability," Bastiani says. "The tradeoff for you and me is we want memories that last a lifetime," so stability of the nerve in our brain is desirable – not a lot of nerve turnover and regeneration. "The tradeoff is you lose the ability to regenerate robustly."

译文如下:

修复受损神经的新希望
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090122141144.htm

上 面3幅图片显示的是线虫离断的神经。轴突——神经细胞的缆索状部分——原来是从顶部延伸到底部,不过现在被激光切断了。每根神经的残端从上到下悬挂着。左 图中神经再生基因dlk-1功能正常——这意味着不太妙——因为向上生长的轴突分支太多且缺乏所谓的“生长锥”,所以不会到达主神经(每幅图片中靠近顶部 的水平生长部分)。中间图片中再生基因被过度激活,其向上生长时带有一个正常的“生长锥”,且分支也不太多,最终它将到达顶部的主神经。右图中再生基因被 破坏了,没有神经轴突的再生,只有顶部和底部的残端。(引自:犹他大学,迈克尔.巴斯蒂尔尼)

科学日报(2009-01-26)——犹他大学的科学家们从线虫中鉴定到了一个对神经细胞损伤后再生有重要作用的基因,如果过度激活此基因将加速神经再生,从而向治愈外伤或疾病导致的神经损伤目标迈进了一步。

很奇怪的是,这个基因及其相关的“信号通路”——一连串的分子事件——在胚胎期正常的神经发育中不是必需的,研究人员在1月22日的科学快报(《科学》杂志的在线版)中说道。

“我们发现的这个基因可成为将来药物治疗的标靶,而这将大大提高神经元损伤后再生的能力,”不管是来自外伤还是疾病,生物学教授迈克尔.巴斯蒂尔尼说道,他是这个研究小组的主持人,犹他大学大脑研究所的成员。

本 研究共同作者、生物学教授Erik Jorgensen是大脑研究所的学术主任,他说:“在将来,我们意欲开发出能激活神经细胞中这一连串分子事件的药物,以刺激病变或损伤的神经细胞再生。 现在,我们还不能做到这一点。但本次研究给我们在将来开发出可行的刺激(神经细胞)再生的技术带来了希望。”

“最终,这也可能是治疗脊索损伤的一种途径”,生物学助理研究员、也是本研究共同作者的Paola Nix补充道。

Bastiani说将来能刺激神经再生也将有助于治疗多发性硬化症——一种因丧失髓鞘外衣而导致神经损伤的疾病。

他说本次研究的对象是线虫,“人类也有功能类似的分子,我们发现的信号通路不仅在线虫中能使神经再生,也存在于人类中,我们相信它有同样的作用。”

NIx补充说:“下一步工作就是验证这个基因在其它动物、最终在人类中是否具有同样的作用。”

这一连串分子事件的核心成员是4个基因。最重要的是dlk-1,是一个MAPKKK。当犹他大学的科学家在线虫中“过表达”dlk-1——即比正常情况下活性更高——发现离断的神经再生的速度比预期的高很多,若阻断dlk-1,(离断的)神经不会再生。

本研究的作者还有:Marc Hammarlund(前犹他大学的博士后,现在耶鲁大学)和Linda Hauth(实验室技术员)

本 研究最初由Craig H. Neilsen基金会资助,故研究人员将他们的成功献给Neilsen,Neilsen是犹他州人,Ameristar Casinos公司的主席。他因在1985年的车祸中脊索损伤而瘫痪,故资助本项目以期能找到治愈的方法。他已于2006年去世,当时本研究已在进行中。

寻找神经再生基因

神经细胞在胚胎期有再生能力,但成年期后不能再生。大部分神经细胞“再生能力很差或者根本就没有”,研究者写道,尽管外周神经细胞——比如手和腿的——再生能力要强于大脑和脊髓的中枢神经元,但其中的机制没人清楚。

新研究将目光集中到了运动神经元轴突的再生上——轴突是每个神经细胞的缆索状部分,可以将信号传导到其它神经细胞或肌肉。

研究小组开发出一种“遗传筛选”技术来寻找与神经再生有关的基因。他们制造了beta-spectrin基因突变(β-血影蛋白,有助于维持神经细胞的柔韧性)的线虫,这种突变体在培养皿中爬行时其神经会折断。

他们使用RNA干扰技术从线虫20,000基因中挑出5,000个来1次1个的抑制它们的功能,人类也有5,000这样的基因。

“基因被一个一个的挑出来knock-down,然后观察(神经的)再生能力是否丧失,”Nix说。(注:即上述的“genetic screen”)

研究人员之所以能观察到神经是否再生,是因为他们把一个水母基因转入了线虫,这样,线虫的神经细胞会发出绿色的荧光——很容易在显微镜下观察到。

他们发现dlk-1对神经再生很重要,因为每次阻断它,神经再生就会停止。

多种途径可促进神经元再生


在鉴定出dlk-1后,他们也检测了其它基因对神经再生的影响,这样可“画出”参与再生信号通路的基因和蛋白“图”。这条通路的“核心”——包括dlk-1和其它3个基因——“能激活整个再生通路。”Bastiani说。

“ 其中最酷的要属能我们(发现了)促进再生(的方法),”Nix说。“我们最初是观察到dlk-1这个基因的丢失——会阻止再生。我们在这些突变体中将神经 切断,神经没有再生,这些只有神经残端的线虫也不能动。但当我们过表达dlk-1时——即制造出过量的dlk-1蛋白——我们看到(神经)再生加快了。”

Jorgensen——哈佛休斯医学研究所的研究员,他说:“正常情况下,幼年线虫再生能力很强,而老年线虫根本就不能再生。但通过过表达dlk-1,老年线虫的再生能力象幼年线虫一样强。”

研究人员发现的在神经再生中起重要作用的通路属于著名的“MAPK信号通路”。各种MAP激酶在细胞分裂、应激反应和细胞特化中起作用,Jorgensen说道。

此次研究中发现的信号通路“很特殊,它在正常的胚胎期神经系统发育中不发挥作用,然而在神经再生中是绝对必需的,”Bastiani说道。“我们大多数人都以为参与再生的基因也会参与发育,所以这很让我们感到意外。”

他说,既然dlk-1可以很明显的成为设计刺激神经再生药物的标靶,那么该信号通路中其它的基因也是潜在的标靶。

以前的希望破灭敦促我们要更谨慎

Bastiani和Jorgensen说,这次的新发现的前途特别诱人,因为另外一种刺激再生的方法失败了。

大约20年以前,其它研究人员在神经胶质细胞(大脑中对神经元起支撑、营养作用)中发现了一些分子能抑制成年个体的神经细胞再生。

“科学家们多年来一直希望通过清除这些抑制神经再生的分子来刺激神经再生,”Jorgensen说。“但到目前为止,用这种策略处理的小鼠仅显示了神经细胞再生能力轻微的增高。”Bastiani说。

然 而,利用本次研究成果开发出来的治疗策略也可能存在阻碍。要启动再生,DLK-1蛋白(dlk-1基因编码的蛋白产物)“必须在损伤时才起作 用,”Bastiani说。“这将是真正的大问题,因为,作为药物标靶,需要一个时间窗,这样在脊髓损伤后就必须立即激活这条信号通路来刺激再生。”

如果线虫和其它动物都有象dlk-1这样能促进神经再生的基因,为何这些基因正常情况下是失活或仅有稍微的活性呢?

“你可能会质疑在再生能力与维护、稳定之间存在权衡的情况,”Bastiani说。“你我权衡的结果是我们希望记忆能持续终生,”这样,我们大脑中神经元的稳定才是所需要的,而不是神经元大量的发生转换和再生。“权衡的结果就是你失去强劲再生的能力。”

Related Articles

Related Articles:

Related Articles

卫生部下发的112个病种临床路径 10
知网开发完成《科技期刊学术不端文献检测系统(AMLC)》陆续在编辑部投入使用 6.57
Neck spaces - Infrahyoid neck 4.98
你想成为一名医学写手吗? 2.42
Medline/PubMed 2010年收录国内期刊名单 2.39
微创二尖瓣修复手术后十年:长期预后 2.13
SciVerse ScienceDirect Top 25 for 2009-2010 Academic Year 1.96
三聚氰胺苏丹红罂粟壳等17种添加剂进卫生部黑名单 1.91
马长生等:2010年《ESC心房颤动治疗指南》解读 1.89
我国首项大规模心脏性猝死调查亮相《JACC》 1.75
医学主题词检索是查全查准的前提 1.65
2009年度10大最受关注新闻回顾 1.64
中国科学技术信息研究所公布的2007年度中国科技论文统计结果 1.64
长城国际心脏病学会议--视频资料 1.62
TOP MEDICAL NEWS OF 2009 1.56
急性缺血性卒中发病3~4.5 h行阿替普酶溶栓治疗(SITS-ISTR):一项观察性研究 1.51
病历书写基本规范(卫生部) 1.5
《2010年NCCN卵巢癌临床实践指南》解读 1.5
心血管临床病例研讨会:弥补临床实践与指南的鸿沟 1.49
脊髓型颈椎病:循证医学综述 1.46
妇产医疗就医模式行为研究 1.46
冠脉造影:诊断冠心病和先天性冠脉畸形的“金标准” 1.4
骨质疏松症的治疗如今面临五大挑战 1.37
JBC:重要蛋白与先天性心脏病的关系 1.36
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in the development and progression of cancer 1.35

Time elapsed:0.01s